Does the portable fixed dynamometry had good- excellent test-retest reliability?
Answer: Yes
Does the portable fixed dynamometry had good- excellent test-retest reliability?
Answer: Yes
Answer: Yes
What does the portable fixed dynamometer measure?
What does the portable fixed dynamometer measure?
Answer: Measures strength at peak torque of isometric contraction using a load cell fixed on both ends
What are some disadvantages of isokinetic dynamometry?
What are some disadvantages of isokinetic dynamometry?
Answer:
- Expensive
- Not portable
- involved pt prep
- Extensive training of therapists
- Takes up space
What are some advantages of isokinetic dynamometry?
What are some advantages of isokinetic dynamometry?
Answer:
- Reliable and valid
- Measures concentric, eccentric, isometric contractions
What kind of torque is produced at faster velocity settings?
What kind of torque is produced at faster velocity settings?
Answer: Faster velocity settings result in lower concentric torque values than slower velocity
Which body segments should be stabilized?
Which body segments should be stabilized?
Answer: Proximal
Where should the joints line up to on the machine?
Where should the joints line up to on the machine?
Answer: To the machine axes
Can muscle fatigue be measured by isokinetic dynamometry?
Can muscle fatigue be measured by isokinetic dynamometry?
Answer: Yes
What is the output of isokinetic dynamometry?
What is the output of isokinetic dynamometry?
Answer: Max torque but work and power can be calculated too
What does isokinetic dynamometry measure?
What does isokinetic dynamometry measure?
Answer: Torque and ROM as a function of time
What type of contractions can be measured by isokinetic dynamometry?
What type of contractions can be measured by isokinetic dynamometry?
Answer: Concentric and eccentric
Would you set the degrees per second higher or lower for an active person?
Would you set the degrees per second higher or lower for an active person?
Answer: Higher
What kind of contraction is measured when velocity is set at zero degrees?
What kind of contraction is measured when velocity is set at zero degrees?
Answer: Isometric contraction
What is a isokinetic dynamometry?
What is a isokinetic dynamometry?
Answer: Stationary device that controls velocity of a body segment by resisting and measuring the pt's effort, limiting acceleration beyond the preset velocity
What are examples of isokinetic dynamometry?
What are examples of isokinetic dynamometry?
Answer: Cybex, biodex
How are force plates set up?
How are force plates set up?
Answer: Rigid platform with strain gauge or piezoelectric transducers
Can force plates measure COP?
Can force plates measure COP?
Answer: Yes
What do force plates measure?
What do force plates measure?
Answer: Force plates measure ad quantify GRF vectors in A-P, M-L vertical directions to assess balance, gait
How does a force plate work?
How does a force plate work?
Answer: Floor reacts with equal intensity and opposite direction of forces produced by the weight bearing limb (newton's 3rd law)
How is an electrogoniometer set up?
How is an electrogoniometer set up?
Answer: 2 end blocks connected by flexible cable containing optical fibers (mounted where skin moves least)
How may planes can electrogoniometers measure movement in?
How may planes can electrogoniometers measure movement in?
Answer: 2 planes
What do electrogoniometers measure?
What do electrogoniometers measure?
Answer: Dynamic joint displacement of wrist, neck, elbow , hip, knee, back (dynamic AROM)
How many readings should you take when using the JAMAR?
How many readings should you take when using the JAMAR?
Answer: 3 readings per hand
What are your instructions to your pt on how to begin the test (using the JAMAR)
What are your instructions to your pt on how to begin the test (using the JAMAR)
Answer: Ask pt to squeeze as long and hard as possible
What can you do as the therapist to negate the effects of gravity when using the JAMAR?
What can you do as the therapist to negate the effects of gravity when using the JAMAR?
Answer: Rest the base of the JAMAR on my (therapist's) hand
After you seat the pt, what should you do as the therapist?
After you seat the pt, what should you do as the therapist?
Answer: Demonstrate how to use the JAMAR and fit the instrument to pt's comfortable grip
How do you prep the pt when using JAMAR?
How do you prep the pt when using JAMAR?
Answer: Pt seated in chair, elbow flexed to 90 degrees, forearm supported with wrist over edge in neutral position (start with right hand)
What are some disadvantages to the JAMAR?
What are some disadvantages to the JAMAR?
Answer:
- Heavy
- Requres 3-4lbs of force for indicator to move (not appropriate for frail)
- Greater error at lower readings
- No standardized protocol
- Positions 1 and 5 are least reliable
Which hand is stronger?
Which hand is stronger?
Answer: Dominant hand can be 10% stronger
What has low grip strength been associated with?
What has low grip strength been associated with?
Answer:
- Premature mortality
- Development of disability
- Increased complications after hospitalization or sx
The JAMAR utilizes what kind of system?
The JAMAR utilizes what kind of system?
Answer: Closed hydraulic system
The JAMAR measures grip strength in what units?
The JAMAR measures grip strength in what units?
Answer: Pounds and kilograms
What are some disadvantages of handheld dynamometry?
What are some disadvantages of handheld dynamometry?
- Poor interrater reliability
- Lacking standardization
- Increased pt prep time
- Outcome varies b/c of PT resistance, pt position, PT position
What are some advantages of the handheld dynamometry?
What are some advantages of the handheld dynamometry?
Answer:
- Clinically easy to use
- Relatively inexpensive
- More objective than MMT
- Can measure isometric, concentric and eccentric contraction
- Good to excellent intrarater reliability
Handheld dynamometry is more reliable with which extremities?
Handheld dynamometry is more reliable with which extremities?
Answer: Upper extremity
If there is a difference of more than 20%, this would indicate what?
If there is a difference of more than 20%, this would indicate what?
Answer: Abnormality
What position should the pt be in when using handheld dynamometry?
What position should the pt be in when using handheld dynamometry?
Answer: Gravity minimized/eliminated position to reduce the effect of segment weight on force measurement
What can affect the force measure?
What can affect the force measure?
- Make or break test
- Pt position in relation to gravity
- Joint angle
- Lever arm
- Pt stabilization
- PTs strength
Which test results in higher values with handheld dynamometry?
Which test results in higher values with handheld dynamometry?
Answer: Break test
What is the make test?
What is the make test?
Answer: Push against resistance in a max isometric contraction
What is the Beak test?
What is the Beak test?
Answer: Hold a position until resistance overpowers the muscle (eccentric contraction)
What is a hand held dynamometer?
What is a hand held dynamometer?
Answer: Portable device to measure mechanical force at the point of application
Why are handheld dynamometers helpful?
Why are handheld dynamometers helpful?
Answer: If a pt is producing higher torque, can be harder to distinguish differences with just MMT
What kind of amputee does better with stair descent?
What kind of amputee does better with stair descent?
Answer: TTA
What happens during stair descent with a prosthesis?
What happens during stair descent with a prosthesis?
Answer: Front 1/3 to 1/2 pf prosthetic foot off step for reciprocal pattern (land on arch)
What kind of amputee may be able to perform stairs reciprocally?
What kind of amputee may be able to perform stairs reciprocally?
Answer: TFA
Why might stair negotiation be difficult for people with parkinson's?
Why might stair negotiation be difficult for people with parkinson's?
Answer: Struggle with initiation, smaller anticipatory postural adjustment before first step
What is a tactic that people with OA utilizare to negotiate stairs?
What is a tactic that people with OA utilizare to negotiate stairs?
Answer: Compensate with deviation which increases fall risk
Why might stair negotiation be difficult for people with OA?
Why might stair negotiation be difficult for people with OA?
Answer: Need 60 degrees of flexion to negotiate stairs
How much hip flexion occurs at initial swing of swing limb advancement in stair descent?
How much hip flexion occurs at initial swing of swing limb advancement in stair descent?
Answer: 40 degrees of hip flexion (moving into extension)
How much knee flexion occurs at initial swing of swing limb advancement in stair descent?
How much knee flexion occurs at initial swing of swing limb advancement in stair descent?
Answer: 80 to 90 degrees of knee flexion (moving into extension)
During swing limb advancement of stair descent, which muscles are activated in order to prep for initial contact?
During swing limb advancement of stair descent, which muscles are activated in order to prep for initial contact?
Answer: Hip extensors and abductors
During swing limb advancement of stair descent, how much PF is at end of swing?
During swing limb advancement of stair descent, how much PF is at end of swing?
Answer: 20 degrees of plantar flexion
Which muscle is activated by the foot rising during swing limb advancement of stair descent?
Which muscle is activated by the foot rising during swing limb advancement of stair descent?
Answer: Tibialis anterior
What happens to the trailing limb plantar flexors during swing limb advancement of stair descent?
What happens to the trailing limb plantar flexors during swing limb advancement of stair descent?
Answer: Elastic recoil, 20 degrees of DF to 5 degrees of DF
During single limb support of stair descent, which muscles restrain the rate of knee flexion?
During single limb support of stair descent, which muscles restrain the rate of knee flexion?
Rectus femoris and vastii
During single limb support of stair descent, what kind of moment is experiences at the knee and ankle?
During single limb support of stair descent, what kind of moment is experiences at the knee and ankle?
Answer: Internal extensor moment
During single limb support of stair descent, which muscles co contract with the hamstrings?
During single limb support of stair descent, which muscles co contract with the hamstrings?
Answer: Knee extensors
Which muscles activate during single limb support of stair descent in order to assist with balance control until terminal stance?
Which muscles activate during single limb support of stair descent in order to assist with balance control until terminal stance?
Answer: Tibialis anterior and soleus
When does single limb support of stair descent begin?
When does single limb support of stair descent begin?
Answer: When contralateral foot lifts off the ground
Once the shock is absorbed during weight acceptance of stair descent, which muscles ensure stable stance of hip of the stance limb
Once the shock is absorbed during weight acceptance of stair descent, which muscles ensure stable stance of hip of the stance limb
Answer: Glute med, glute max, TFL and hamstring are activated
Once the shock is absorbed during weight acceptance of stair descent, the extensors of what joint are activated?
Once the shock is absorbed during weight acceptance of stair descent, the extensors of what joint are activated?
Answer: Knee extensors are activated
Once the shock is absorbed during weight acceptance of stair descent, how much does knee flexion increase?
Once the shock is absorbed during weight acceptance of stair descent, how much does knee flexion increase?
Answer: Goes from 10-15 degrees of knee flexion to 20-25 degrees of knee flexion
Once the shock is absorbed during weight acceptance of stair descent, how much DF is there?
Once the shock is absorbed during weight acceptance of stair descent, how much DF is there?
Answer: Goes from 20 degrees of PF to 10 degrees of DF
During weight acceptance of stair decent, how much hip flexion occurs during at initial contact?
During weight acceptance of stair decent, how much hip flexion occurs during at initial contact?
Answer: 20 degrees of hip flexion
During weight acceptance of stair decent, how much knee flexion occurs during at initial contact?
During weight acceptance of stair decent, how much knee flexion occurs during at initial contact?
Answer: 10-15 degrees of knee flexion
During weight acceptance of stair decent, how much plantar flexion occurs during at initial contact?
During weight acceptance of stair decent, how much plantar flexion occurs during at initial contact?
Answer: 20 degrees of plantar flexion
Which muscle restrains forward motion of the hip and knee and prepares limb for initial contact during swing limb advancement of stair ascent?
Which muscle restrains forward motion of the hip and knee and prepares limb for initial contact during swing limb advancement of stair ascent?
Answer: Hamstrings
What does the hip do during terminal swing of stair ascent in order to position the limb over the tread?
What does the hip do during terminal swing of stair ascent in order to position the limb over the tread?
Answer: Past retract
During swing limb advancement of stair ascent, when does the knee begin extension for next initial contact?
During swing limb advancement of stair ascent, when does the knee begin extension for next initial contact?
Answer: During late mid swing
During swing limb advancement of stair ascent, how many degrees of DF does the ankle have during initial swing?
During swing limb advancement of stair ascent, how many degrees of DF does the ankle have during initial swing?
Answer: 10 degrees of DF
During swing limb advancement of stair ascent, how much is the knee flexed during initial swing?
During swing limb advancement of stair ascent, how much is the knee flexed during initial swing?
Answer: 80-95 degrees of flexion
During swing limb advancement of stair ascent, how much is the hip flexed during initial swing?
During swing limb advancement of stair ascent, how much is the hip flexed during initial swing?
Answer: Hip is flexed 65-70 degrees
Which muscle flexes the knee during pre swing of stair ascent?
Which muscle flexes the knee during pre swing of stair ascent?
Answer: Bicep femoris short head
Which muscles are concentrically plantar flexing the ankle?
Which muscles are concentrically plantar flexing the ankle?
Answer: Gastroc and soleus
What is the progression of the ankle during swing limb advancement of stair ascent?
What is the progression of the ankle during swing limb advancement of stair ascent?
Answer: From 5 degrees of DF to 20 degrees of PF in pre swing
When does swing limb advancement begin during stair ascent?
When does swing limb advancement begin during stair ascent?
Answer: When there is foot contact of contralateral foot on stair above reference limb
During single limb support of stair ascent, what moments are happening at the ankle?
During single limb support of stair ascent, what moments are happening at the ankle?
Answer: Progressing from neutral to plantar flexor moment
Which muscle is primarily controlling extension of the hip and knee during single limb support of stair ascent?
Which muscle is primarily controlling extension of the hip and knee during single limb support of stair ascent?
Answer: Bicep femoris long head
When is there an internal flexor moment during single limb support of stair ascent?
When is there an internal flexor moment during single limb support of stair ascent?
Answer: From terminal stance to pre - swing
During single limb support of stair ascent, when is there peak hip & knee extension (about 10* flexion)
During single limb support of stair ascent, when is there peak hip & knee extension (about 10* flexion)
Answer: Terminal Stance
What kind of extensor moment dominates the first half of SLS?
What kind of extensor moment dominates the first half of SLS?
Answer: Internal extensor moment
When is the first GRF peak?
When is the first GRF peak?
Answer: During single limb support
When is single limb support initiated for stair ascent?
When is single limb support initiated for stair ascent?
Answer: Contralateral toe off
During stair ascent, when is the knee joint loaded maximally?
During stair ascent, when is the knee joint loaded maximally?
Answer: 60 degrees of flexion
When in stair ascent, what happens to the joint moment during 20-50% of stance?
When in stair ascent, what happens to the joint moment during 20-50% of stance?
Answer: Joint moment drops to zero
During stair ascent, when is there an internally induced extensor moment at the hip and knee?
During stair ascent, when is there an internally induced extensor moment at the hip and knee?
Answer: Between loading response and midstance
During the initial 20% of stance in stair ascent, the hip and knee are experiencing what kind of flexion moment?
During the initial 20% of stance in stair ascent, the hip and knee are experiencing what kind of flexion moment?
Answer: Externally induced
During weight acceptance of stair ascent, which hip muscles are increasing stability and weight transfer?
During weight acceptance of stair ascent, which hip muscles are increasing stability and weight transfer?
Answer: Hip abductors
During weight acceptance of stair ascent, which hip extensor is preventing an anterior drawer of the tibia?
During weight acceptance of stair ascent, which hip extensor is preventing an anterior drawer of the tibia?
Answer: Hamstring
During weight acceptance of stair ascent, which specific hip and knee extensors are working concentrically?
During weight acceptance of stair ascent, which specific hip and knee extensors are working concentrically?
Answer: Lower glute med, adductor magnus, vastus lateralis and medialis
How many degrees of hip and knee flexion are there in weight acceptance of stair ascent?
How many degrees of hip and knee flexion are there in weight acceptance of stair ascent?
Answer: 60 degrees of flexion
During initial (forefoot) contact of weight acceptance (stair ascent), how many degrees of DF are there?
During initial (forefoot) contact of weight acceptance (stair ascent), how many degrees of DF are there?
Answer: 5- 10 which progresses to 12 by the end of LR
What are the 3 periods in stair negotiation?
What are the 3 periods in stair negotiation?
Answer: WA, SLS, SLA
During stair ascent the stance limb elevates while the swing limb does what?
During stair ascent the stance limb elevates while the swing limb does what?
Answer: Passes 2 risers and tread of stance limb
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