What is the name of the pathway that projects dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the striatum that is associated with Parkinson's disease?
A. Direct pathway
B. Nigrostriatal pathway
C. VTA pathway
D. Indirect pathway
Answer: B. Nigrostriatal pathway
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Autonomic Nervous System
- A football player comes into the clinic exhibiting numbness in his UE's and some difficulty and pain while taking deep breaths. He recalls having a "rough game with a lot of hard hits" the weekend before and thought that his symptoms would subside but they haven't. What region of the spinal cord would you be most likely to investigate first?
- A seven-year-old boy comes into your pediatric outpatient physical therapy clinic. He had been recently diagnosed with cerebral palsy. He often walks on his toes with a scissor gate. He has also developed scoliosis. What structure is not associated with this condition?
- Which of the following is the main lobe impaired in those with ADHD?
- Research shows that which part of the brain is smaller in those with depression?
- Which cerebral artery(branching from the Basilar artery) is directed towards the lateral and medial parts of the thalamus?
- A 46 year old patient comes into your clinic. He was just recently diagnosed with ALS. He presents symptoms of muscle weakness in both upper and lower limbs, and with spasticity predominantly in his right arm. Which of the following is the most likely to be affected in this patient?
- Which of the following anatomical structures would not be affected in a patient suffering from Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?
- Kate, a 5-year old female, have recently been diagnosed with Cerebral Palsy. Upon going over chart you notice that her MRI result show some abnormalities in her Cerebellum. She is very unsteady when she walks and have a hard time with movements that need a lot of control such as, writing. Based on the information provided, what type of Cerebral Palsy does Kate have?
- A 40 year old male comes into your neuro clinic, complaining of recent falls in the past two weeks. As you evaluate your client, you notice that there is a conflict between visual and vestibular inputs. The client presents with pressing one arm down and pushing themselves to the other side, causing a tilted posture in sitting and standing. What disorder are they presenting with?
- If a patient presents with Huntington's Disease, you can expect the most significant amount of brain damage to be found within the
- Choose the best definition of depression from the options listed below.
- Which of the following abnormalities is NOT characteristic of Alzheimer's disease?
- Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Wallenberg's Syndrome?
- Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease. Compared to healthy controls, an individual with MS has which of the following?
- What structure is not a part of the vestibular apparatus?
- A 54 year old male came for his yearly physical and has complained of recently having a difficult time reaching for the telephone when it rings and even picking up the telephone once he is able to reach it. He has no prior history of this sort of weakness so you ask him if anyone in his family also experienced this sort of trouble as they began to age. He explains to you that his father did start to have a hard time performing tasks and movements with his extremities and eventually had a very difficult time speaking, breathing, and eating. You think you have an idea of what disease this man could have been inherited and genetic testing is done showing an autosomal dominant genetic mutation. What is the most likely result?
- What are some of the most common symptoms associated with Schizophrenia?
- The most common type of Cerebral Palsy is due to trauma of what brain region?
- What is the most likely result of a complete spinal cord lesion at the L4 spinal level?
- What is the most common site of a brainstem stroke?
- A 45 year old comes into your clinic because he is having difficulties speaking and swallowing. After reviewing his medical chart you find out he has been diagnosed with Huntington's Disease. Which stage does it seem that your patient is showing symptoms of?
- A 54 year old client has been coming to your outpatient clinic after having rotator cuff surgery. One afternoon the client mentioned earlier that day they were experiencing weakness, numbness in their face, loss of balance, and slurred speech. Although experiencing these symptoms, the client stated that they went away after an hour. What would best describe these symptoms?
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- Which of the following is a symptom of BPPV (Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo)?