A football player comes into the clinic exhibiting numbness in his UE's and some difficulty and pain while taking deep breaths. He recalls having a "rough...
A seven-year-old boy comes into your pediatric outpatient physical therapy clinic. He had been recently diagnosed with cerebral palsy. He often walks on his toes with a scissor gate. He has also developed scoliosis. What structure is not associated with this condition?
A seven-year-old boy comes into your pediatric outpatient physical therapy clinic. He had been recently diagnosed with cerebral palsy. He often walks...
Which of the following is the main lobe impaired in those with ADHD?
Which of the following is the main lobe impaired in those with ADHD?A) Temporal LobeB) Parietal LobeC) Frontal LobeD) Occipital LobeAnswer: C) Frontal...
Research shows that which part of the brain is smaller in those with depression?
Research shows that which part of the brain is smaller in those with depression?A) medullaB) PonsC) reticular formationD) HypothalamusAnswer: D)...
What is the name of the pathway that projects dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the striatum that is associated with Parkinson's disease?
What is the name of the pathway that projects dopamine neurons of the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area (VTA) to the striatum that is associated...
Which cerebral artery(branching from the Basilar artery) is directed towards the lateral and medial parts of the thalamus?
Which cerebral artery(branching from the Basilar artery) is directed towards the lateral and medial parts of the thalamus?A. Anterior Cerebral ArteryB....
A 46 year old patient comes into your clinic. He was just recently diagnosed with ALS. He presents symptoms of muscle weakness in both upper and lower limbs, and with spasticity predominantly in his right arm. Which of the following is the most likely to be affected in this patient?
A 46 year old patient comes into your clinic. He was just recently diagnosed with ALS. He presents symptoms of muscle weakness in both upper and lower...
Which of the following anatomical structures would not be affected in a patient suffering from Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?
Which of the following anatomical structures would not be affected in a patient suffering from Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS)?Lower Motor NeuronsUpper...
Kate, a 5-year old female, have recently been diagnosed with Cerebral Palsy. Upon going over chart you notice that her MRI result show some abnormalities in her Cerebellum. She is very unsteady when she walks and have a hard time with movements that need a lot of control such as, writing. Based on the information provided, what type of Cerebral Palsy does Kate have?
Kate, a 5-year old female, have recently been diagnosed with Cerebral Palsy. Upon going over chart you notice that her MRI result show some abnormalities...
A 40 year old male comes into your neuro clinic, complaining of recent falls in the past two weeks. As you evaluate your client, you notice that there is a conflict between visual and vestibular inputs. The client presents with pressing one arm down and pushing themselves to the other side, causing a tilted posture in sitting and standing. What disorder are they presenting with?
A 40 year old male comes into your neuro clinic, complaining of recent falls in the past two weeks. As you evaluate your client, you notice that there...
If a patient presents with Huntington's Disease, you can expect the most significant amount of brain damage to be found within the
If a patient presents with Huntington's Disease, you can expect the most significant amount of brain damage to be found within theA.) Globus PallidusB.)...
Choose the best definition of depression from the options listed below.
Choose the best definition of depression from the options listed below.A. Feeling blue or sad for the dayB. A mood disorder that does not affect how you...
Which of the following abnormalities is NOT characteristic of Alzheimer's disease?
Which of the following abnormalities is NOT characteristic of Alzheimer's disease?A. Shrinking of cerebral cortexB. Disintegration of microtubules by...
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Wallenberg's Syndrome?
Which of the following is NOT a symptom of Wallenberg's Syndrome?A) DysphagiaB) DysarthriaC) VomitingD) Foot dropAnswer: D) Foot d...
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease. Compared to healthy controls, an individual with MS has which of the following?
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an autoimmune inflammatory demyelinating disease. Compared to healthy controls, an individual with MS has which of the following?A....
What structure is not a part of the vestibular apparatus?
What structure is not a part of the vestibular apparatus?a) Utricleb) Sacculec) 3 semicircular canalsd) CochleaAnswer: d) Coch...
A 54 year old male came for his yearly physical and has complained of recently having a difficult time reaching for the telephone when it rings and even picking up the telephone once he is able to reach it. He has no prior history of this sort of weakness so you ask him if anyone in his family also experienced this sort of trouble as they began to age. He explains to you that his father did start to have a hard time performing tasks and movements with his extremities and eventually had a very difficult time speaking, breathing, and eating. You think you have an idea of what disease this man could have been inherited and genetic testing is done showing an autosomal dominant genetic mutation. What is the most likely result?
A 54 year old male came for his yearly physical and has complained of recently having a difficult time reaching for the telephone when it rings and even...
What are some of the most common symptoms associated with Schizophrenia?
What are some of the most common symptoms associated with Schizophrenia?A. Numbness/tingling in the lower extremitiesB. Burred vision & trouble concentratingC....
The most common type of Cerebral Palsy is due to trauma of what brain region?
The most common type of Cerebral Palsy is due to trauma of what brain region?A) Basal GangliaB) Motor CortexC) Medulla OblongataD) CerebellumAnswer: B)...
What is the most likely result of a complete spinal cord lesion at the L4 spinal level?
What is the most likely result of a complete spinal cord lesion at the L4 spinal level?Death as a result of loss of vital functionsPeripheral neuropathyKidney...
What is the most common site of a brainstem stroke?
What is the most common site of a brainstem stroke?MCALateral medulla oblongataPosterior CerebellumMidbrainAnswer: Lateral medulla oblong...
A 45 year old comes into your clinic because he is having difficulties speaking and swallowing. After reviewing his medical chart you find out he has been diagnosed with Huntington's Disease. Which stage does it seem that your patient is showing symptoms of?
A 45 year old comes into your clinic because he is having difficulties speaking and swallowing. After reviewing his medical chart you find out he has...
A 54 year old client has been coming to your outpatient clinic after having rotator cuff surgery. One afternoon the client mentioned earlier that day they were experiencing weakness, numbness in their face, loss of balance, and slurred speech. Although experiencing these symptoms, the client stated that they went away after an hour. What would best describe these symptoms?
A 54 year old client has been coming to your outpatient clinic after having rotator cuff surgery. One afternoon the client mentioned earlier that day...
Autism effects the cerebellum in which of the following ways:
Autism effects the cerebellum in which of the following ways:a.) creating a deviation in size of the cerebellumb.) decreasing the amount of Purkinje cellsc.)...
Which of the following is a symptom of BPPV (Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo)?
Which of the following is a symptom of BPPV (Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo)?a. rapid eye movementb. slow eye movementc. dizzinessd. both a and...
What does "FAST" in relation to stroke stand for?
What does "FAST" in relation to stroke stand for?1. F- face drooping, A- arm weakness, S- standing, T- time to go to the hospital2. F- face drooping,...
Although there is no definite structure effected by Autism, what are three structures that could have abnormalities with an ASD diagnosis?
Although there is no definite structure effected by Autism, what are three structures that could have abnormalities with an ASD diagnosis?A.Cerebellum,...
From external to internal, what is the correct order of connective tissues?
From external to internal, what is the correct order of connective tissues?A. Perineurium, epineurium, endoneuriumB. Endoneurium, perineurium, epineuriumC....
Autism is NOT caused by which of the following:
Autism is NOT caused by which of the following:a. Rubellab. Viral infectionsc. Poor nutritiond. Advanced age of parentsAnswer: c. Poor nutrit...
Post ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system can secrete
Post ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic nervous system can secreteA. EpinephrineB. NicotineC. MuscarineD. NaClAnswer: A. Epinephr...
Receptors that bind to norepinephrine and epinephrine are called?
Receptors that bind to norepinephrine and epinephrine are called?A. Beta blockersB. CholinergicC. VasopressinsD. AdrenergicAnswer: D. Adrener...
Nicotine activates ___ on skeletal muscle membrane and in limbic areas?
Nicotine activates ___ on skeletal muscle membrane and in limbic areas?A. Thalamic receptorsB. AcH receptorsC. Serotonin receptorsD. Dopamine receptorsAnswer: B....
The principle function of the parasympathetic nervous system is
The principle function of the parasympathetic nervous system isA. Fight or flightB. Energy conservation and storageC. HomeostasisD. ThermoregulationAnswer: B....
The neuropathway from the hypothalamus to the autonomic neurons to release hormones is known as the
The neuropathway from the hypothalamus to the autonomic neurons to release hormones is known as theA. Efferent pathwayB. Afferent pathwayC. Central pathwayD....
Receptors cells (in afferent pathway) sensitive to changes in chemical blood concentrations found in taste buds are
Receptors cells (in afferent pathway) sensitive to changes in chemical blood concentrations found in taste buds areA. MechanoreceptorsB. ThermoreceptorsC....
Sympathetic efferent connections from the spinal cord to the adrenal medulla are
Sympathetic efferent connections from the spinal cord to the adrenal medulla areA. 4-neuron connectionB. 3-neuron connectionC. 2-neuron connectionD. 1-neuron...
ALL pre-ganglion neurons in the ANS secrete
ALL pre-ganglion neurons in the ANS secreteA. AcHB. DopamineC. NicotineD. NorepinephrineAnswer: A. ...
Horner's Syndrome refers to which of the following cluster of signs?
Horner's Syndrome refers to which of the following cluster of signs?A. Syncope, sweatingB. Low BP and heart rateC. Cluster headachesD. Eye drop, pupil...
Brief loss of consciousness due to inadequate blood flow to the brain
Brief loss of consciousness due to inadequate blood flow to the brainA. Autonomic dysreflexiaB. Peripheral neuropathyC. SyncopeD. Othrostatic hypotensionAnswer: C....
What is the structure that is affected in Pusher's syndrome, causing tilting and a decreased awareness of the midline?
What is the structure that is affected in Pusher's syndrome, causing tilting and a decreased awareness of the midline?a. Hypothalamusb. Epithalamusc....
When considering the pathophysiology of Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome, which type of CMT is the result of unstable and abnormal breakdown of myelin?
When considering the pathophysiology of Charcot-Marie-Tooth syndrome, which type of CMT is the result of unstable and abnormal breakdown of myelin?A)...
A 33-year-old female client is referred to your clinic after being diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). She has chronic symptoms which include constant muscle spasms, fatigue, diplopia, lack of coordination, and issues pertaining to her memory and processing information. The patient was recently provided with a caretaker because she is unable to complete some of her activities of daily living on her own. What form of MS is she diagnosed with?
A 33-year-old female client is referred to your clinic after being diagnosed with Multiple Sclerosis (MS). She has chronic symptoms which include constant...
Alzheimer's Disease first strikes the vulnerable part of the brain called?
Alzheimer's Disease first strikes the vulnerable part of the brain called?a. hippocampusb. frontal lobec. locus coeruleusd. amygdalaAnswer: c. Locus...
An influx of sodium into an axon (within a node of Ranvier) causes what?
An influx of sodium into an axon (within a node of Ranvier) causes what?a. Repolarizationb. Depolarizationc. Hyperpolarizaiond. Salty bananaAnswer: b....
Dopamine-producing cells located in the _________ show gradual decreases the progression of Parkinson's Disease.
Dopamine-producing cells located in the _________ show gradual decreases the progression of Parkinson's Disease.A) Globus Palludis internaB) Cerebral...
Which of the following descriptors may be used when referring to CMT Syndrome?
Which of the following descriptors may be used when referring to CMT Syndrome?a) Hereditary Sensory & Motor Neuropathyb) Peroneal Muscular Hypertrophyc)...
The name Multiple Sclerosis is derived from what effect the disease?
The name Multiple Sclerosis is derived from what effect the disease?A. InflammationB. Compromise of the CNSC. Multiple Areas of Scarring (tissue)D. Disruption...
When looking at the pathophysiology of the disorder, which is NOT a brain size abnormality commonly seen in a person diagnosed with Schizophrenia?
When looking at the pathophysiology of the disorder, which is NOT a brain size abnormality commonly seen in a person diagnosed with Schizophrenia?A. An...
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) occurs when the otoconia are displaced from the utricle into the semicircular canal. The semicircular canal is superior to the inner ear, which of the following is not apart of this structure?
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo (BPPV) occurs when the otoconia are displaced from the utricle into the semicircular canal. The semicircular canal...
An individual who has been a patient of your comes to rehab at the nursing home you are working at and they seem to be lost an unable to remember recent events. You ask them to recall the exercises you have been doing fro the previous week however they cannot recall them. Which structure would most likely be affected due to Alzheimer's?
An individual who has been a patient of your comes to rehab at the nursing home you are working at and they seem to be lost an unable to remember recent...
Which neurotransmitter has been found to have malfunctioning receptors in the pre-frontal cortex that contributes to symptoms of ADHD?
Which neurotransmitter has been found to have malfunctioning receptors in the pre-frontal cortex that contributes to symptoms of ADHD?A. SeratoninB. Non-epinephrineC....
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo is a disorder of what?
Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo is a disorder of what?A. Middle EarB. Inner EarC. Outer earD. BrainAnswer: B. Inner ...
What is typically the first sign/symptom observed at the onset of Multiple Sclerosis?
What is typically the first sign/symptom observed at the onset of Multiple Sclerosis?A. DiplopiaB. Slurred SpeechC. Muscle Weakness/FatigueD. ForgetfulnessAnswer: C....
What structure is NOT affected with the onset of Wallenburg's Syndrome?
What structure is NOT affected with the onset of Wallenburg's Syndrome?A. Lateral Cuneate NucleusB. Medial Cuneate NucleusC. Descending sympathetic tractD....
While adopting person first language, which phrase is used when discussing a person affected by Schizophrenia?
While adopting person first language, which phrase is used when discussing a person affected by Schizophrenia?A. "Schizo"B. Schizophrenic person/peopleC....
What is the primary structure affected in Multiple Sclerosis?
What is the primary structure affected in Multiple Sclerosis?A. NucleusB. MyelinC. DendritesD. Cell bodyAnswer: B. Mye...
Your new patient coming in for an evaluation had a stroke in the Middle Cerebral Artery. You know that there could be a variety of symptoms and when you see that the patient has contralateral hemiplegia affecting her right arm and face more so than her right leg, what area of the Middle Cerebral Artery is most likely where the stroke occurred?
Your new patient coming in for an evaluation had a stroke in the Middle Cerebral Artery. You know that there could be a variety of symptoms and when you...
Which area of the brain processes information and carries nerve impulses between neurons?
Which area of the brain processes information and carries nerve impulses between neurons?A. Grey MatterB. White MatterC. Corpus CallosumD. Pars OpercularisAnswer: B....
A client comes into your clinic with a doctors referral of Lateral Medullary Stroke (Wallenburg Syndrome) from atherothrombotic occlusion related ischemia to receive services. The client is 60 years old male with a history of hypertension, smoking and a mostly sedentary lifestyle. He has been having trouble locating the specific point of pain on his body, as well as having trouble with feeling the differences in temperature. Since you have an understanding of the structures commonly affected by Wallenburg Syndrome, you will inform him that the _____ has been affected, and that he should speak to a physician.
A client comes into your clinic with a doctors referral of Lateral Medullary Stroke (Wallenburg Syndrome) from atherothrombotic occlusion related ischemia...
A 50 year old patient visits your clinic. The patient complains of numbness in half of their face, as well as vertigo and difficultly swallowing. You notice the patients speech is slightly slurred and one eyelid appears to be dropping. What could be the problem?
A 50 year old patient visits your clinic. The patient complains of numbness in half of their face, as well as vertigo and difficultly swallowing. You...
What cortical area of the brain is likely to have a lesion in a person with cerebral palsy?
What cortical area of the brain is likely to have a lesion in a person with cerebral palsy?A. Wernicke's AreaB. Primary motor CortexC. Somatosensory CortexD....
A deficiency of dopamine in which of the following tracts in the brain causes hallucinations and delusions associated with the diagnosis Schizophrenia?
A deficiency of dopamine in which of the following tracts in the brain causes hallucinations and delusions associated with the diagnosis Schizophrenia?A....
You have read the past medical history of a patient coming into the clinic this afternoon. The patient has been diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). Which of the following symptoms would you NOT expect to experience when the patient comes in?
You have read the past medical history of a patient coming into the clinic this afternoon. The patient has been diagnosed with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity...
Your patient comes in to be treated after a having Middle Cerebral Artery stroke. As you speak to your patient, he is able to understand everything you are saying and is nodding his head constantly. However, when the patient tries to speak back, his speech is broken and is not able to fully express how he is feeling. Which lobe do you predict is MOST affected by the stroke?
Your patient comes in to be treated after a having Middle Cerebral Artery stroke. As you speak to your patient, he is able to understand everything you...
A nurse on the neuro floor in an inpatient facility is caring for a patient with a spinal cord injury. The client sustained an injury to the C5 vertebral level as a result of a motor vehicle accident. What is the first spinal nerve that the nurse would expect to be affected?
A nurse on the neuro floor in an inpatient facility is caring for a patient with a spinal cord injury. The client sustained an injury to the C5 vertebral...
Which of the following is a sign of Autonomic Dysreflexia?
Which of the following is a sign of Autonomic Dysreflexia?a. Increase in blood pressureb. Decrease in blood pressurec. Spasticityd. Yellow skinAnswer: a....
Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with Parkinson's Disorder?
Which of the following symptoms is NOT associated with Parkinson's Disorder?A. FlaccidityB. TremorsC. Impaired balanceD. Slowed movementAnswer: A....
A slight forward lean during sitting increases the load on the spine.
A slight forward lean during sitting increases the load on the spine.A. TRUEB. FALSEAnswer: B. FA...
To minimize postural adaptations, a back pack load should be as high as possible near the shoulders.
To minimize postural adaptations, a back pack load should be as high as possible near the shoulders.A. TRUEB. FALSEAnswer: B. FA...
Lumbar spondylolysis is more prevalent in men than women.
Lumbar spondylolysis is more prevalent in men than women.A. TRUEB. FALSEAnswer: A. T...
Obese individuals typically display increased anterior pelvic tilt and lumbar lordosis.
Obese individuals typically display increased anterior pelvic tilt and lumbar lordosis.A. TRUEB. FALSEAnswer: A. T...
Backing up a car has been identified as an activity of daily living which requires extreme range of motion in the cervical region.
Backing up a car has been identified as an activity of daily living which requires extreme range of motion in the cervical region.A. TRUEB. FALSEAnswer: A....
The term "slipped disc" is often used to describe a _______________ disc.
The term "slipped disc" is often used to describe a _______________ disc.Answer: hernia...
List and describe the three abnormal deviations in the spinal curvature, including symptoms, possible causes, and treatment options.
List and describe the three abnormal deviations in the spinal curvature, including symptoms, possible causes, and treatment options.Kyphosis- extreme...
List and discuss the primary abdominal muscles, explaining how they perform motion in all three planes.
List and discuss the primary abdominal muscles, explaining how they perform motion in all three planes.• transversus abdominis - the deepest muscle layer....
Describe the most common back injury, including degree of incidence, possible causes and treatments.
Describe the most common back injury, including degree of incidence, possible causes and treatments.Lower back pain. 85% of people experience it. Caused...
Explain proper lifting including rationale. Also, explain why twisting should be avoided when lifting.
Explain proper lifting including rationale. Also, explain why twisting should be avoided when lifting.Keep good posture- Helps keeps your upper back straight...
From superior to inferior, there are 7 ______ vertebrae, 12 _______ vertebrae, 5 ___________ vertebrae, 5 _______________ vertebrae, and 4 _______________ vertebrae.
From superior to inferior, there are 7 ______ vertebrae, 12 _______ vertebrae, 5 ___________ vertebrae, 5 _______________ vertebrae, and 4 _______________...
Two adjacent vertebrae and the associated soft tissues form a _________, the functional unit of the spine.
Two adjacent vertebrae and the associated soft tissues form a _________, the functional unit of the spine.Answer: motion segm...
Extreme lumbar curvature is called ________________.
Extreme lumbar curvature is called ________________.Answer: lordo...
The major extensor and hyperextensor of the trunk is the _________ muscle group.
The major extensor and hyperextensor of the trunk is the _________ muscle group.Answer: prominent erector spi...
Spinal relaxation phenomenon explains what?
Spinal relaxation phenomenon explains what?A. inactivity of spinal extensors during full flexionB. inactivity of spinal flexors during full flexionC....
Which of the following contributes to increased spinal loading?
Which of the following contributes to increased spinal loading?A. rotation (as compared to flexion)B. asymmetrical frontal loadsC. increased lifting speedsD....
What musculoskeletal problem causes the most absences from work?
What musculoskeletal problem causes the most absences from work?A. ankle sprainB. carpal tunnel syndromeC. low back painD. herniated discAnswer: C....
Sprains occur in what type of tissue?
Sprains occur in what type of tissue?A. musclesB. tendonsC. ligamentsD. all of the aboveAnswer: A. musc...
What injury can occur when the neck undergoes sudden acceleration and deceleration (such as in a car accident)?
What injury can occur when the neck undergoes sudden acceleration and deceleration (such as in a car accident)?A. herniated discB. whiplashC. spondylolisthesisD....
Which abdominal muscles cause rotation to the left?
Which abdominal muscles cause rotation to the left?A. left internal obliqueB. right external obliqueC. left rectus abdominisD. both A and BE. all of the...
What action(s) do posterior trunk muscles cause when they contract unilaterally?
What action(s) do posterior trunk muscles cause when they contract unilaterally?A. extensionB. hyperextensionC. lateral flexionD. both A and BE. all of...
In anatomical position, where is the center of gravity located relative to the spine?
In anatomical position, where is the center of gravity located relative to the spine?A. posteriorB. anteriorC. lateralD. inferiorAnswer: B. ante...
Attachment to the ribs limits range of motion in which vertebrae?
Attachment to the ribs limits range of motion in which vertebrae?A. cervicalB. thoracicC. lumbarD. sacralAnswer: B. thora...
What type of articulation occurs between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae?
What type of articulation occurs between the bodies of adjacent vertebrae?A. cartilaginousB. non-axial glidingC. hingeD. condyloidAnswer: A. car...
What is the dominant force on the spine during activities requiring backward leaning of the trunk, such as rappelling?
What is the dominant force on the spine during activities requiring backward leaning of the trunk, such as rappelling?A. compressionB. tensionC. shearD....
What causes the pumping action (influx and outflux of water containing nutrients and waste) of the intervertebral discs in adults?
What causes the pumping action (influx and outflux of water containing nutrients and waste) of the intervertebral discs in adults?A. blood supplyB. body...
What is the enlarged cervical portion of the supraspinous ligament called?
What is the enlarged cervical portion of the supraspinous ligament called?A. anterior longitudinal ligamentB. posterior longitudinal ligamentC. ligamentum...
Lateral deviations in spinal curvature are called what?
Lateral deviations in spinal curvature are called what?A. lordosisB. kyphosisC. scoliosisD. all of the aboveAnswer: C. scolio...
Which type of exaggerated curve is often caused by osteoporosis?
Which type of exaggerated curve is often caused by osteoporosis?A. lordosisB. kyphosisC. scoliosisD. all of the aboveAnswer: B. kypho...
Anterior pelvic tilt facilitates what type of spinal motion?
Anterior pelvic tilt facilitates what type of spinal motion?A. flexionB. extensionC. lateral flexionD. rotationAnswer: A. flex...
Which of the following are potential consequences of spinal fractures?
Which of the following are potential consequences of spinal fractures?A. paralysisB. deathC. both A and BD. none of the aboveAnswer: C. both A and...
What is the most common type of vertebral fracture?
What is the most common type of vertebral fracture?A. fracture to the coccyxB. stress fracture of the pars interarticularisC. cervical fractureD. none...
Unusually high incidences of pars interarticularis fractures have been documented in which of the following groups of athletes?
Unusually high incidences of pars interarticularis fractures have been documented in which of the following groups of athletes?A. female gymnastsB. interior...
The most superior cervical vertebrae is called what?
The most superior cervical vertebrae is called what?A. atlasB. axisC. atlanto-axialD. none of the aboveAnswer: A. at...
What is the most common type of spinal loading during daily activities?
What is the most common type of spinal loading during daily activities?A. compressionB. tensionC. shearD. torsionAnswer: A. compress...
The rectus abdominis causes flexion when contracted ________.
The rectus abdominis causes flexion when contracted ________.A. unilaterallyB. bilaterallyC. eccentricallyD. all of the aboveAnswer: C. eccentri...
What is the result when part of the nucleus pulposus of the disc protrudes and presses on a nerve?
What is the result when part of the nucleus pulposus of the disc protrudes and presses on a nerve?A. stress fractureB. acute fractureC. herniated discD....
What joint is usually the culprit in low back pain?
What joint is usually the culprit in low back pain?A. sacroiliacB. lumbosacralC. sacrococcygealD. acetabulumAnswer: B. lumbosac...
A typical geriatric disc has a fluid content that is reduced by approximately how much?
A typical geriatric disc has a fluid content that is reduced by approximately how much?A. 5%B. 35%C. 50%D. 85%Answer: B. ...
Transverse or spinous process fractures may result from which of the following?
Transverse or spinous process fractures may result from which of the following?A. extremely forceful contraction of the attached musclesB. the sustenance...
Which vertebrae are the largest?
Which vertebrae are the largest?A. cervicalB. thoracicC. lumbarD. sacralAnswer: C. lum...
What type of joint occurs between the superior and inferior articulating facets of adjacent vertebrae?
What type of joint occurs between the superior and inferior articulating facets of adjacent vertebrae?A. cartilaginousB. non-axial glidingC. hingeD. condyloidAnswer: B....
The sacral region of the spine is fused to which of the following bones?
The sacral region of the spine is fused to which of the following bones?A. the iliumB. the ischiumC. the pubisD. all of the aboveAnswer: D. all of...
Lack of flexibility in which of the following muscle groups can cause anterior pelvic tilt?
Lack of flexibility in which of the following muscle groups can cause anterior pelvic tilt?A. hip flexorsB. erector spinaeC. abdominalsD. both A and BE....
Which of the following is not true about lordosis?
Which of the following is not true about lordosis?A. often accompanied by anterior pelvic tiltB. can be caused by poor abdominal flexibilityC. often accompanies...
The condition of exaggerated thoracic curvature is known as which of the following?
The condition of exaggerated thoracic curvature is known as which of the following?A. lordosisB. kyphosisC. scoliosisD. none of the aboveAnswer: C....
The articulations between adjacent vertebral bodies are which of the following types of joints?
The articulations between adjacent vertebral bodies are which of the following types of joints?A. pivot jointsB. hinge jointsC. symphysis jointsD. none...
The spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae inhibit movement in which plane?
The spinous processes of the thoracic vertebrae inhibit movement in which plane?A. sagittalB. frontalC. transverseD. all of the aboveAnswer: A. ...
Movement of the spine occurs in which plane(s)?
Movement of the spine occurs in which plane(s)?A. sagittalB. frontalC. transverseD. all of the aboveAnswer: D. all of the ab...
Which of the following vertebral regions has the best range of motion?
Which of the following vertebral regions has the best range of motion?A. cervicalB. thoracicC. lumbarD. sacralAnswer: A. cervi...
Which part of the vertebrae bears the most weight?
Which part of the vertebrae bears the most weight?A. laminaB. superior articulating facetC. bodyD. inferior articulating facetAnswer: C. b...
Which of the following helps the spine absorb shock?
Which of the following helps the spine absorb shock?A. spinal curvesB. intervertebral discsC. ligamentsD. both A and BE. all of the aboveAnswer: D....
Which statement is not true about the intervertebral discs?
Which statement is not true about the intervertebral discs?A. act as cushions between the vertebraeB. account for approximately 1/4 of the height of the...
Which of the following spinal curves are referred to as primary curves?
Which of the following spinal curves are referred to as primary curves?A. the thoracic and cervical curvesB. the cervical and lumbar curvesC. the cervical...
High body mass is not associated with osteoarthritis.
High body mass is not associated with osteoarthritis.a. trueb. falseAnswer: b. fa...
Excessive tightness of the iliotibial band can cause maltracking of the patella.
Excessive tightness of the iliotibial band can cause maltracking of the patella.a. trueb. falseAnswer: a. t...
List and describe the four quadriceps muscles, including location, actions, and possible injury implications in the case of imbalance.
List and describe the four quadriceps muscles, including location, actions, and possible injury implications in the case of imbalance.Rectus femoris-...
Hamstring strains typically occur during the eccentric contraction phase of gait.
Hamstring strains typically occur during the eccentric contraction phase of gait.a. trueb. falseAnswer: a. t...
Hip fractures among the elderly greatly increase the risk of death.
Hip fractures among the elderly greatly increase the risk of death.a. trueb. falseAnswer: a. t...
Osteoarthritis can cause a spontaneous meniscal tear.
Osteoarthritis can cause a spontaneous meniscal tear.a. trueb. falseAnswer: a. t...
A condition of inward deviation in alignment from the proximal to the distal end of a segment is called __________.
A condition of inward deviation in alignment from the proximal to the distal end of a segment is called __________.Answer: val...
List the four major ligaments of the knee, describe the location of each and explain the role each one plays in providing stability to the joint.
List the four major ligaments of the knee, describe the location of each and explain the role each one plays in providing stability to the joint.ACL(anterior...
Describe iliotibial band friction syndrome, including affected area, symptoms and probable causes.
Describe iliotibial band friction syndrome, including affected area, symptoms and probable causes.Answer: Pain localized over the lateral femoral...
The pelvic girdle is comprised of three bones, __________, and ___________.
The pelvic girdle is comprised of three bones, __________, and ___________.Answer: left hip bone, right hip bone, sac...
The three hamstring muscles are _______________, and __________.
The three hamstring muscles are _______________, and __________.Answer: semitendinosus, semimembranosus, biceps femo...
Supination of the foot combines the motions of __________, and __________.
Supination of the foot combines the motions of __________, and __________.Answer: inversion, adduction, plantar flex...
Which of the following does not attach to the calcaneus?
Which of the following does not attach to the calcaneus?A. sartoriusB. gastrocnemiusC. plantarisD. soleusAnswer: A. sartor...
What is the anatomical name for the big toe?
What is the anatomical name for the big toe?A. pollicisB. halluxC. digiti maximiD. digiti minimiAnswer: B. hal...
The lower extremity is well structured for its functions of weight __________ and __________.
The lower extremity is well structured for its functions of weight __________ and __________.Answer: bearing, locomot...
The strong layer of fibrous tissue which covers the plantar muscles of the foot is called what?
The strong layer of fibrous tissue which covers the plantar muscles of the foot is called what?A. plantar fasciaB. plantar flexionC. longitudinal ligamentD....
During walking, which of the following actions is combined to cause supination?
During walking, which of the following actions is combined to cause supination?A. dorsiflexion; eversion; and abductionB. dorsiflexion; inversion; and...
Symptoms of plantar fasciitis include which of the following?
Symptoms of plantar fasciitis include which of the following?A. pain in the archB. pain in the heelC. pain on top of the footD. both A and BE. all of...
Patellofemoral pain syndrome is likely associated with what?
Patellofemoral pain syndrome is likely associated with what?A. weakness of vastus medialis relative to vastus lateralisB. weakness of vastus lateralis...
Which of the following does not bear weight?
Which of the following does not bear weight?A. femurB. tibiaC. fibulaD. talusAnswer: C. fib...
Runner's knee is associated with which of the following structures?
Runner's knee is associated with which of the following structures?A. lateral meniscusB. ACLC. iliotibial bandD. medial meniscusAnswer: C. iliotibial...
What is the largest and most complex joint in the body?
What is the largest and most complex joint in the body?A. hipB. shoulderC. kneeD. ankleAnswer: C. k...
The medial and lateral collateral ligaments limit which type of knee motion?
The medial and lateral collateral ligaments limit which type of knee motion?A. knee hyperextensionB. forward and backward sliding of the femur on the...
Which of the following statements is true regarding ACL injuries?
Which of the following statements is true regarding ACL injuries?A. occur more frequently in during player contactB. occur more frequently during non-contactC....
Which of the following statements is true regarding ACL injuries?
Which of the following statements is true regarding ACL injuries?A. occur more frequently in women than in menB. occur more frequently in men than in...
Where is the weakest point of the femur?
Where is the weakest point of the femur?A. headB. neckC. shaftD. greater trochanterAnswer: B. n...
Which of the following causes hip adduction?
Which of the following causes hip adduction?A. adductor magnusB. adductor longusC. gracilisD. both A and BE. all of the aboveAnswer: E. all of the...
Which of the following causes hip abduction?
Which of the following causes hip abduction?A. gluteus mediusB. gluteus minimusC. gluteus maximusD. both A and BE. all of the aboveAnswer: D. both...
Which of the following is the most common of all knee injuries?
Which of the following is the most common of all knee injuries?A. rupture of the anterior cruciate ligamentB. rupture of the medial collateral ligamentC....
Which of the following is/are nonaxial joint(s)?
Which of the following is/are nonaxial joint(s)?A. tarsometatarsal jointB. intermetatarsal jointC. subtalar jointD. both A and BE. all of the aboveAnswer: D....
Fractures in the ankle region occur most often to which of the following structures?
Fractures in the ankle region occur most often to which of the following structures?A. the lateral malleolusB. the medial malleolusC. the talusD. none...
Which of the following is the most typical cause of ankle sprain?
Which of the following is the most typical cause of ankle sprain?A. forced inversion of the ankle during landing while the foot is plantar flexedB. forced...
Which of the following characterizes a "bow-legged" condition?
Which of the following characterizes a "bow-legged" condition?A. femoral varus and tibial valgusB. femoral valgus and tibial varusC. both A and BD. none...
Which muscle does not affect both the hip and the knee?
Which muscle does not affect both the hip and the knee?A. rectus femorisB. vastus intermediusC. biceps femorisD. semimembranosusAnswer: B. vastus...
Which of the following inserts on the patella?
Which of the following inserts on the patella?A. hamstringsB. quadricepsC. both A and BD. none of the aboveAnswer: B. quadric...
The anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments limit which type of knee motion?
The anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments limit which type of knee motion?A. knee hyperextensionB. forward and backward sliding of the femur on the...
Which of the following conditions must be met for rotation of the tibia relative to the femur?
Which of the following conditions must be met for rotation of the tibia relative to the femur?A. the knee is not bearing weightB. the knee is in flexionC....
Which of the following statements is/are true?
Which of the following statements is/are true?A. When the knee undergoes a significant amount of flexion, it is necessary for the femur to slide forward...
Which of the following muscles serves to "unlock" the knee from full extension?
Which of the following muscles serves to "unlock" the knee from full extension?A. plantarisB. gracilisC. popliteusD. sartoriusAnswer: C. poplit...
Which knee ligament is most likely to be damaged from a lateral blow?
Which knee ligament is most likely to be damaged from a lateral blow?A. medial collateralB. lateral collateralC. anterior cruciate (ACL)D. posterior cruciateAnswer: A....
Knee extensors cross the joint ___ to the ___ axis.
Knee extensors cross the joint ___ to the ___ axis.A. anterior; anteroposteriorB. posterior; anteroposteriorC. anterior; mediolateralD. posterior; mediolateralAnswer: C....
Which of the following is/are two-joint muscle(s)?
Which of the following is/are two-joint muscle(s)?A. rectus femorisB. sartoriusC. pectineusD. both A and BE. all of the aboveAnswer: D. both A and...
What is/are the purpose(s) of the patella?
What is/are the purpose(s) of the patella?A. increase the angle between the tendon and tibiaB. increase the mechanical advantage of the quadricepsC. to...
Which of the following is not true about the menisci in the knee joint?
Which of the following is not true about the menisci in the knee joint?A. made of cartilageB. larger surface area to distribute loadC. absorb shockD....
Lateral pelvic tilt positions the acetabulum in a more favorable position for hip ______.
Lateral pelvic tilt positions the acetabulum in a more favorable position for hip ______.A. flexionB. extensionC. abductionD. adductionAnswer: C....
When the legs are not free to move (i.e. they are supporting your body weight), what action will result from contraction of the hip flexors?
When the legs are not free to move (i.e. they are supporting your body weight), what action will result from contraction of the hip flexors?A. hip flexionB....
Which of the following is not a hamstring muscle?
Which of the following is not a hamstring muscle?A. semimembranosusB. semitendinosusC. biceps femorisD. gluteus maximusAnswer: D. gluteus maxi...
Which of the following is part of the pelvic girdle?
Which of the following is part of the pelvic girdle?A. the iliumB. the ischiumC. the pubisD. all of the aboveAnswer: D. all of the ab...
Which of the following statements is/are true?
Which of the following statements is/are true?A. The iliopsoas complex is the major flexor of the hip.B. Two-joint muscles function more effectively at...
The hip joint is the articulation between the ________ and the _______.
The hip joint is the articulation between the ________ and the _______.A. femur; acetabulumB. femur; spineC. femur; tibiaD. none of the aboveAnswer: A....
Which of the following is not true about pelvic girdle movements?
Which of the following is not true about pelvic girdle movements?A. position the acetabulum favorably for femoral movementB. occurs in all 3 planesC....
Which of the following is not true about the hip joint?
Which of the following is not true about the hip joint?A. triaxialB. more stable than shoulderC. several bursae presentD. all of the above are trueAnswer: D....
Anterior pelvic tilt positions the acetabulum in a more favorable position for hip ______.
Anterior pelvic tilt positions the acetabulum in a more favorable position for hip ______.A. flexionB. hyperextensionC. abductionD. adductionAnswer: B....
When injury results from a single large force application, such as a tackle, the injury is usually termed what?
When injury results from a single large force application, such as a tackle, the injury is usually termed what? A. acuteB. chronicC. repetitiveD....
Which of the following is true regarding electromyography?
Which of the following is true regarding electromyography? A. treats muscle injury with electrical impulsesB. measures the electrical activity produced...
Which of the following statements is/are true regarding vector algebra?
Which of the following statements is/are true regarding vector algebra? A. In vector resolution, when a vector is resolved into two components, they...
When absorbing the force of a baseball, which of the following will change the impulse?
When absorbing the force of a baseball, which of the following will change the impulse? A. reduce the force with which the ball is thrownB. wear...
The formula for torque includes force and what other variable?
The formula for torque includes force and what other variable? A. perpendicular distance from the axis of rotationB. moment armC. force armD. all...
Mechanical stress in the lumbar vertebrae is less than expected because of which of the following structural details?
Mechanical stress in the lumbar vertebrae is less than expected because of which of the following structural details? A. bears more weight or force...
A bending force can result in which of the following types of stress?
A bending force can result in which of the following types of stress? A. compressionB. tensionC. torsionD. both A and BE. all of the aboveAnswer: D....
A free body diagram includes which of the following?
A free body diagram includes which of the following? A. sketch of an object, body, or body part being analyzedB. vectors representations of all forces...
In a free body diagram of the human body, where would the vector representing weight of the body originate?
In a free body diagram of the human body, where would the vector representing weight of the body originate? A. contact between the feet and the groundB....
In a free body diagram of the human body, which direction would the vector representing weight of the body point?
In a free body diagram of the human body, which direction would the vector representing weight of the body point? A. upB. downC. depends on body...
Which of the following will reduce the pressure of a baseball against a catcher's hand?
Which of the following will reduce the pressure of a baseball against a catcher's hand? A. reduce the force with which the ball is thrownB. wear...
Which of the following is true regarding volume?
Which of the following is true regarding volume? A. units are cm3B. units are litersC. directly proportional to massD. both A and BE. all of the...
The "quantity of matter composing a body" defines what?
The "quantity of matter composing a body" defines what? A. weightB. momentumC. massD. inertiaAnswer: C. m...
Inertia is directly proportional to which quantities?
Inertia is directly proportional to which quantities? A. massB. forceC. accelerationD. all of the aboveAnswer: A. m...
When muscles on opposite sides of a joint develop tension, what determines the direction of joint movement?
When muscles on opposite sides of a joint develop tension, what determines the direction of joint movement? A. muscle strengthB. muscle flexibilityC....
Which of the following is/are scalar quantities?
Which of the following is/are scalar quantities? A. forceB. massC. velocityD. all of the aboveAnswer: B. m...
Scalar quantities and vector quantities have which of the following properties in common?
Scalar quantities and vector quantities have which of the following properties in common? A. magnitudeB. directionC. both A and BD. none of the aboveAnswer: A....
The rotary effect created by an eccentric force defines what?
The rotary effect created by an eccentric force defines what? A. torqueB. moment of forceC. rotary forceD. all of the aboveAnswer: D. all of...
Stress fractures result from which of the following types of loading?
Stress fractures result from which of the following types of loading? A. acute loadingB. repetitive loadingC. both A and BD. neither A nor BAnswer: B....
Which of the following is a correct unit of torque?
Which of the following is a correct unit of torque? A. N-mB. N/sC. NsD. kg mAnswer: A. ...
When you wear a backpack, your center of gravity shifts in which direction?
When you wear a backpack, your center of gravity shifts in which direction? A. upB. backC. forwardD. up and backAnswer: D. up and b...
Which of the following is/are true regarding a shot put and a softball of equal diameter?
Which of the following is/are true regarding a shot put and a softball of equal diameter? A. they have the same volumeB. they have the same densityC....
Which of the following statements is/are true regarding density?
Which of the following statements is/are true regarding density? A. muscle tissue is more dense than fat tissueB. specific weight is proportional...
Which of the following statements is/are true?
Which of the following statements is/are true? A. Increasing the surface area over which a force is distributed increases the amount of stress acting...
Which of the following occurs when a bone is caused to twist about the longitudinal axis?
Which of the following occurs when a bone is caused to twist about the longitudinal axis? A. compressionB. tensionC. torsionD. none of the aboveAnswer: B....
Which of the following types of force exerts a pull on the body as in muscle contraction?
Which of the following types of force exerts a pull on the body as in muscle contraction? A. shearB. compressionC. tensionD. all of the aboveAnswer: C....
Which of the following types of force exerts a squeezing effect on the body?
Which of the following types of force exerts a squeezing effect on the body? A. shearB. compressionC. tensionD. all of the aboveAnswer: B. ...
Which of the following quantities is calculated the same as pressure?
Which of the following quantities is calculated the same as pressure? A. stressB. strainC. shearD. tensionAnswer: A. str...
If two vectors lying in the same plane are added together and the result is zero, then which of the following is true of the vector quantities?
If two vectors lying in the same plane are added together and the result is zero, then which of the following is true of the vector quantities? A....
Which of the following types of force act parallel to a surface?
Which of the following types of force act parallel to a surface? A. shearB. compressionC. tensionD. all of the aboveAnswer: A. sh...
Which of the following relationships is correct?
Which of the following relationships is correct? A. 1 kg = 2.2 lbB. 1 lb = 4.45 NC. both A and B are correctD. neither A nor B is correctAnswer: C....
Which of the following relationships is correct?
Which of the following relationships is correct? A. m = F/aB. F = m/aC. a = m/FD. none of the aboveAnswer: A. m = ...
Which of the following statements is true?
Which of the following statements is true? A. weight is always a forceB. force is always a weightC. pressure is synonymous with forceD. pressure...
Which of the following is a correct unit of pressure?
Which of the following is a correct unit of pressure? A. NewtonsB. kg/cm2C. N/cm2D. slugsAnswer: C. N/...
Which of the following is a correct unit of inertia?
Which of the following is a correct unit of inertia? A. psiB. kg/m3C. lb/ft3D. none of the aboveAnswer: D. none of the ab...
Which of the following characteristics of a vector represents magnitude?
Which of the following characteristics of a vector represents magnitude? A. its angle of orientationB. its lengthC. its directionD. all of the aboveAnswer: B....
Which of the following defines center of gravity?
Which of the following defines center of gravity? A. intersection of the 3 cardinal planesB. the point around which a body's weight is equally balanced...
Which of the following is not true about mass?
Which of the following is not true about mass? A. quantity of matterB. changes depending on gravityC. measurement unit = kgD. affects force productionE....
Which of the following is not true about weight?
Which of the following is not true about weight? A. measurement unit = lbB. measurement unit = NC. weight is a forceD. changes depending on gravityE....
When 2 force vectors are acting parallel and in the same direction, how do you compose them into one vector?
When 2 force vectors are acting parallel and in the same direction, how do you compose them into one vector? A. add themB. subtract themC. divide...
When other factors remain constant, an increase in the mass of an object will subsequently increase the object's stability.
When other factors remain constant, an increase in the mass of an object will subsequently increase the object's stability. TRUEFALSEAnswer:&nbs...
If force is applied directly to the axis of rotation, torque will equal zero.
If force is applied directly to the axis of rotation, torque will equal zero. TRUEFALSEAnswer: T...
The ability to control equilibrium defines ____________.
The ability to control equilibrium defines ____________.Answer: bala...
The ratio of force arm to resistance arm defines _______________.
The ratio of force arm to resistance arm defines _______________.Answer: mechanical advant...
Running barefoot results in higher joint torque at the knee than using running shoes.
Running barefoot results in higher joint torque at the knee than using running shoes. TRUEFALSEAnswer: fa...
A motionless body is in a state of static equilibrium.
A motionless body is in a state of static equilibrium. TRUEFALSEAnswer: T...
The center of gravity of an object is always located within the object.
The center of gravity of an object is always located within the object. TRUEFALSEAnswer: fa...
Which one of the following incorrectly identifies the parts of a lever within the human body?
Which one of the following incorrectly identifies the parts of a lever within the human body? A. a bone is the rigid barB. a joint is the axis of...
When net muscle torque and joint movement occur in the same direction, what type of contraction occurs?
When net muscle torque and joint movement occur in the same direction, what type of contraction occurs? A. concentricB. eccentricC. isometricD. isotonicAnswer: A....
Torque is the product of force and the perpendicular distance from the force to the axis, also known as the ____.
Torque is the product of force and the perpendicular distance from the force to the axis, also known as the ____.Answer: moment ...
A lever positioned with the applied resistance between the axis and the force is a ________ class lever.
A lever positioned with the applied resistance between the axis and the force is a ________ class lever.Answer: 2nd cl...
A concept indicating a balance between applied forces and inertial forces for a body in motion is called ________________.
A concept indicating a balance between applied forces and inertial forces for a body in motion is called ________________.Answer: dynamic equili...
What will happen to the COM of a human body if the arms are raised up overhead?
What will happen to the COM of a human body if the arms are raised up overhead? A. it will move upB. it will move downC. it will not changeD. need...
The ability to control equilibrium defines what?
The ability to control equilibrium defines what? A. stabilityB. balanceC. mobilityD. center of massAnswer: B. bala...
Which of the following can increase base of support?
Which of the following can increase base of support? A. widen stanceB. add more points of contact (i.e. 3-point stance to 4-point stance)C. both...
If disruption of stability is the desired outcome, which of the following should be observed?
If disruption of stability is the desired outcome, which of the following should be observed? A. lower COMB. increase base of supportC. increase...
Which statement(s) is/are true regarding postural sway?
Which statement(s) is/are true regarding postural sway? A. it affects balance in the elderlyB. it is reduced by widening the BOS to a certain pointC....
What is the importance of segmental center of mass to the lever systems of the human body?
What is the importance of segmental center of mass to the lever systems of the human body?A. segmental COM will follow a parabolic path when projectedB....
Why do skilled high jumpers lower their COM on the last step?
Why do skilled high jumpers lower their COM on the last step? A. to increase time of support between foot and groundB. to increase vertical velocity...
Which of the following is/are function(s) of antagonist muscles?
Which of the following is/are function(s) of antagonist muscles? A. control velocity of movementB. enhance stability of the jointC. both A and BD....
What is the proposed advantage of Nautilus resistance equipment over free weights?
What is the proposed advantage of Nautilus resistance equipment over free weights? A. resistance varies over the range of motion with Nautilus equipmentB....
Which type of equipment provides constant velocity?
Which type of equipment provides constant velocity? A. isotonicB. free weightsC. NautilusD. IsokineticAnswer: D. Isokine...
Which of the following is/are true regarding dynamic equilibrium?
Which of the following is/are true regarding dynamic equilibrium? A. applies to bodies in motionB. first identified by D 'AlembertC. both A and BD....
Which of the following is/are true regarding center of mass?
Which of the following is/are true regarding center of mass? A. in a spherical ball with evenly distributed mass, it is in the exact centerB. it...
Which of the following phrases is/are synonymous with torque?
Which of the following phrases is/are synonymous with torque? A. moment of forceB. rotary forceC. moment armD. both A and BE. all of the aboveAnswer: D....
Which statement is true regarding moment arm?
Which statement is true regarding moment arm? A. Moment arm is largest when the angle of pull on a bone is 90°.B. Changes in moment arm directly...
Which of the following is/are true regarding a force couple?
Which of the following is/are true regarding a force couple? A. created by equal forces on opposite sides of an axisB. created by forces acting in...
In analyzing the human body as a projectile, which of the following quantities follows a parabolic path?
In analyzing the human body as a projectile, which of the following quantities follows a parabolic path? A. the center of massB. the center of volumeC....
Which of the following does not increase stability?
Which of the following does not increase stability? A. lower the COGB. increase size of base of supportC. decrease massD. increase frictionAnswer: C....
Which of the following will benefit mobility?
Which of the following will benefit mobility? A. increase massB. increase base of supportC. increase frictionD. raise center of gravityAnswer: D....
Which of the following quantities is zero for an object in static equilibrium?
Which of the following quantities is zero for an object in static equilibrium? A. momentumB. kinetic energyC. both A and BD. neither A nor BAnswer: C....
In which of the following situations is maximal stability desirable?
In which of the following situations is maximal stability desirable? A. a swimmer's starting position on the blocks before a raceB. a Sumo wrestler's...
The amount of torque which must by generated by the biceps brachii at the elbow in order to maintain the arm in a particular position is 50 Nm. If the biceps attaches to the radius at a perpendicular distance of 3 cm from the joint center at the elbow, how much force must the muscle produce?
The amount of torque which must by generated by the biceps brachii at the elbow in order to maintain the arm in a particular position is 50 Nm. If the...
Which of the following affects the force-generating capability of a muscle?
Which of the following affects the force-generating capability of a muscle? A. the muscle length and cross-sectional areaB. the angle and distance...
Which of the following factors influences the amount of torque produced by muscles at a joint?
Which of the following factors influences the amount of torque produced by muscles at a joint? A. the amounts of tension generated by the musclesB....
Which of the following must be true for an object to be in a state of static equilibrium?
Which of the following must be true for an object to be in a state of static equilibrium? A. the sum of all vertical forces acting on the object...
A claw-tooth hammer being used to pry up a nail is an example of which class of lever?
A claw-tooth hammer being used to pry up a nail is an example of which class of lever? A. 1st classB. 2nd classC. 3rd classD. not a leverAnswer: A....
The relative efficiency of a lever is proportional to which of the following?
The relative efficiency of a lever is proportional to which of the following? A. mechanical advantage of the leverB. length of the force armC. length...
When a muscle contracts at a joint, which of the following affects torque?
When a muscle contracts at a joint, which of the following affects torque? A. the rotary component of muscle forceB. the stabilizing component of...
When the elbow is extended and the elbow flexors contract, which of the component forces acts in addition to the rotary component?
When the elbow is extended and the elbow flexors contract, which of the component forces acts in addition to the rotary component? A. the stabilizing...
The resistance arm (RA) will always be longer than the force arm (FA) in what class lever?
The resistance arm (RA) will always be longer than the force arm (FA) in what class lever? A. 1st classB. 2nd classC. 3rd classD. none of the aboveAnswer: C....
Third class lever systems favor which of the following?
Third class lever systems favor which of the following? A. speedB. range of motionC. strengthD. both A and BE. all of the aboveAnswer: D. both...
A wheelbarrow is an example of which class of lever?
A wheelbarrow is an example of which class of lever? A. 1st classB. 2nd classC. 3rd classD. not a leverAnswer: B. 2nd cl...
A seesaw is an example of which class of lever?
A seesaw is an example of which class of lever? A. 1st classB. 2nd classC. 3rd classD. not a leverAnswer: A. 1st cl...
Which of the following will improve leverage?
Which of the following will improve leverage? A. increase force armB. decrease resistance armC. both A and BD. none of the aboveAnswer: C. both...
The perpendicular distance between the line of force and the axis defines what?
The perpendicular distance between the line of force and the axis defines what? A. torqueB. fulcrumC. moment armD. none of the aboveAnswer: C....
Torque is the angular analogue of what?
Torque is the angular analogue of what? A. momentumB. forceC. massD. impulseAnswer: B. fo...
Which of the following is a characteristic of torque?
Which of the following is a characteristic of torque? A. it is a vector quantityB. it is characterized by magnitudeC. it is characterized by directionD....
In the human body, most of the lever systems formed by muscles pulling on bones are what class?
In the human body, most of the lever systems formed by muscles pulling on bones are what class? A. 1st classB. 2nd classC. 3rd classD. no particular...
A 30 kg child sits on the right end of a see-saw 1 m from the axis. If a 20 kg child sits on the left end of the see-saw 2 m from the axis, what will happen?
A 30 kg child sits on the right end of a see-saw 1 m from the axis. If a 20 kg child sits on the left end of the see-saw 2 m from the axis, what will...
Which dens fractures are most unstable? Which are most stable?
Which dens fractures are most unstable? Which are most stable?Answer: Type 2 is the most unstable, Types 1 & 3 are far more sta...
What is traumatic spondylolisthesis of C2?
What is traumatic spondylolisthesis of C2?Answer: Hangman's Fracture: Hyper extension, pedicles are fractured off, C2 endplate can be ripped ...
What is a cervical wedge fracture?
What is a cervical wedge fracture?Answer: Hyperflexion trauma, body of the vertebra becomes a wegde shape- the anterior portion will be shorter than...
What is a clay shoveler's fracture?
What is a clay shoveler's fracture?Answer: The spinous fractures off the lamina. Caused by sudden, unexpected contraction of the lower neck muscles-...
On X Ray, if you draw a straight, vertical line downward from the post-inferior aspect of the dens, where should it line up with for an ideal cervical curve?
On X Ray, if you draw a straight, vertical line downward from the post-inferior aspect of the dens, where should it line up with for an ideal cervical...
What is an ideal cervical lordotic curve?
What is an ideal cervical lordotic curve?Answer: 35-45 degre...
What is a Jefferson Fracture?
What is a Jefferson Fracture?C1 fracture- burst styled fracture caused by compression (-Y) forces. Highly unstable. Treated by immobilization. Can be...
What are the three types of Dens fractures?
What are the three types of Dens fractures?Type 1: An oblique fracture through the superior portion of the densType 2: A horizontal fracture separating...
How are dens fractures acquired?
How are dens fractures acquired?Answer: Hyper extens...
Why are protraction/retractions beneficial for the neck?
Why are protraction/retractions beneficial for the neck?Answer:Protraction: Sub occip will contract and the extensors will elongateRetraction: Sub occip...
Why does synovium create more fluid following a whiplash incident?
Why does synovium create more fluid following a whiplash incident?Answer: The synovium will become aggregated following a whiplash injury. It may...
What can you expect of the sub occipital/extensor muscles of someone with severe AHC?
What can you expect of the sub occipital/extensor muscles of someone with severe AHC?
Answer: Tight sub occipital muscles, elongated extenso...
What is the apical ligament? What does it do?
What is the apical ligament? What does it do?
Answer: A small lig from the dens to the anterior foramen magnum. It prevents the occiput from...
What happens to the alar ligs in lateral flexion?
What happens to the alar ligs in lateral flexion?
Answer: The ipsilateral lig will crumple, while the contralateral lig will resist the move...
What are three ways that the transverse lig can be damaged?
What are three ways that the transverse lig can be damaged?
Answer: Trauma, Inflammation, Downs Syndro...
What is the 'target' of inflammatory arthropathies?
What is the 'target' of inflammatory arthropathies?
Answer: Targets synovium. Can affect the A...
What population is most likely to have naturally occurring increased ADI?
What population is most likely to have naturally occurring increased ADI?
Answer: People with Downs Syndro...
What is the primary purpose of the transverse lig of the dens?
What is the primary purpose of the transverse lig of the dens?
Answer: To maintain the ADI (Atlanto-Dental Interspac...
What is the name of the superior-most portion of the PLL?
What is the name of the superior-most portion of the PLL?
Answer: Tectorial Membra...
What is a posterios ponticus?
What is a posterios ponticus?
Answer: A bridge of bone above the vertebral artery at the back of atl...
What is the function of the posterior occipital-atlanto membrane?
What is the function of the posterior occipital-atlanto membrane?
Answer: Resists hyper flexion, keeps atlas from sliding forwa...
What is the dual action of the SCM?
What is the dual action of the SCM?
Answer: Extend the upper cervical region, and flex the lower cervicals. It also translates the head forw...
What can be said of the paired motion of the upper and lower cervical complexes?
What can be said of the paired motion of the upper and lower cervical complexes?
Answer: They are always opposite- ie. If lower cervical is rotating...
What can be said of the main motion of the upper and lower cervical complexes?
What can be said of the main motion of the upper and lower cervical complexes?
Answer: They are always the same- ie. if Lower Cervical is rotating...
Describe the coupled movement of lower cervical rotation/lat flexion?
Describe the coupled movement of lower cervical rotation/lat flexion?
Answer: Rotation around Y axis, coupled with rotation around Z axis: -Y...
What can you do to help to rebuild bone density?
What can you do to help to rebuild bone density?
Answer: Weight baring exercise. Swimming and Biking are not weight baring, and are far less...
If one or both L5/S1 facets are oriented obliquely, what is a common complication?
If one or both L5/S1 facets are oriented obliquely, what is a common complication?
Answer: Sciatica is often associat...
What percent of torsional strength does the facets contribute to the entire FSU?
What percent of torsional strength does the facets contribute to the entire FSU?
Answer: 45% (45% comes from longitudinal ligs, 10% comes from...
What is the total percent of compressive loads that lumbar facets carry?
What is the total percent of compressive loads that lumbar facets carry?
Answer: 1...
Fact: Facet may be a direct source of pain.
Fact: Facet may be a direct source of pain.
Answer: It's a fac...
What amplifies the shock absorbing characteristics of cancellous bone?
What amplifies the shock absorbing characteristics of cancellous bone?
Answer: The Marrow in the cancellous bo...
How much can cortico bone deform before it fails?
How much can cortico bone deform before it fails?
Answer: 2%, then failu...
For much can cancellous bone deform before it fails?
For much can cancellous bone deform before it fails?
Answer: 9.5%, then failu...
What part of the vertebra (cortico/cancellous) carries the majority of compression forces?
What part of the vertebra (cortico/cancellous) carries the majority of compression forces?
Answer:
Cancellous = 90%
Cortico = 1...
Why do some drugs increase Bone Material Content, but not increase the bone's strength?
Why do some drugs increase Bone Material Content, but not increase the bone's strength?
Answer: The drugs decrease osteoelastic activi...
25% decrease in Bone Material Content = ? Strength
25% decrease in Bone Material Content = ? Strength
Answer: 25% decrease in Bone Material Content = 50% decrease in Streng...
How much less bone material do women have than men?
How much less bone material do women have than men?
Answer: 12% less than m...
What is the purpose of a fibroblast in a ligament?
What is the purpose of a fibroblast in a ligament?
Answer: Very important: Makes Elastin and GA...
What is the majority of the non-water components of a ligament?
What is the majority of the non-water components of a ligament?
Answer: Type 1 Collagen (also includes elastin, GAGs and fibrobalst...
What percent of ligaments are made of water?
What percent of ligaments are made of water?
Answer: 60-7...
What are functions of cervical ligaments?
What are functions of cervical ligaments?
-Helps maintain proper relations
-Provide mechano-receptive input to modulate the co...
When subjected to bending moments, annular bulging occurs
When subjected to bending moments, annular bulging occurs
a. on the concave side of the spine
b. posteriorly
c. on the convex side of the spine
d....
The class notes report that Farfan produced torsional disc failure on intact vertebrae with 20 degrees of Y axis rotation. Why is this difficult to produce in vivo?
The class notes report that Farfan produced torsional disc failure on intact vertebrae with 20 degrees of Y axis rotation. Why is this difficult to...
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